![]() Jehovah's Witnesses do not believe in swearing oaths to governments or any temporal power, recognizing only God as their ruler. This placed one group, Jehovah's Witnesses, in a particularly difficult position. Refusal now represented a high crime against not only Germany, but also the Führer himself. There was no place for conscientious objectors or those refusing to utter the Führer Oath. The distinction between loyalty to the state and loyalty to Hitler-and the Nazi Party-swiftly eroded.Īccompanying this dedication to the Führer and politicization of the military was the impact it had on military conscription, which Hitler introduced in 1935. Nazi ideology became more and more the basis of military objectives. Hitler's beliefs and goals became those of the military, which pledged allegiance to his cult of personality. On a broader level, the oath represented the beginning of a process of politicization, or Nazification, of the German military. They also viewed it as a way to curry favor with Hitler, with whom they held common interests. The generals and High Command saw the oath as a way to control in which the military would be integrated into the Nazi state. While it is difficult to generalize about the entire military, it is likely that most accepted the oath as a matter of course, as it hearkened back to the days of the Kaiser and to oaths sworn by the military throughout the history of Germany. This was an important step in the larger process of Gleichschaltung (“coordination”), bringing all public and private organizations in line with Nazi goals and policies. There was no other competing authority to which the military owed allegiance. His decisions carried the power of orders. Symbolically and literally, Hitler became one with the military. The oath had various effects on the German military. A surprised Hitler himself acknowledged this by writing to Defense Minister von Blomberg: “I wish to express my thanks to you…for the oath of loyalty which has been sworn to me. While many generals later claimed the oath was Hitler's idea, in fact, the highest ranking military leaders created it. Civilian officials would swear a similar oath. “I swear by God this holy oath, that I will render to Adolf Hitler, Führer of the German Reich and People, Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, unconditional obedience, and that I am ready, as a brave soldier, to risk my life at any time for this oath.”įrom this point forward, all existing units and all new military recruits would swear the so-called “Führer Oath.” The oath became law in July 1935. The oath was no longer one of allegiance to the Constitution or its institutions, but one of binding loyalty to Hitler himself: That same day, all military personnel in Germany swore a new oath of allegiance. At this time, Adolf Hitler began to solidify his control over Germany. All this changed with the death of German President Paul von Hindenburg on August 2, 1934. The Führer Oathįollowing Hitler's appointment as Chancellor in 1933, the military oath changed again, although soldiers were required to swear loyalty to their people and country (“Volk und Vaterland”), rather to individual leaders. Much of the military's conservative leadership did not support the new Republic, and Weimar officials hoped that the oath would help provide legitimacy and security.įor many career soldiers, however, the idea of swearing an oath to a constitution was disconcerting. The Weimar government also viewed the military as a potential threat. The new oath required soldiers to swear loyalty to the Weimar Constitution and its institutions, including the office of the Reich President, rather than to any individual. The political leaders of the new Weimar Republic sought to democratize the military by changing its social makeup and by changing the oath of allegiance. ![]() ![]() This changed after Germany's defeat in World War I and the establishment of a democratic government, the Weimar Republic, in Germany. Traditionally, the German military had sworn an oath of allegiance to the Kaiser.
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